Fig. 1

The activation and infiltration of microglia into human grafts. A, B Schematic diagram of human iNPCs transplantation, immunosuppressive strategy of Cyclosporin A, and time points for evaluation. C, D Immunofluorescent analysis of IBA1⁺ microglia in human grafts of Mk #1 at 4 months, Mk #2 at 8 months, and Mk #3 at 12 months p.t. with continuous CsA treatment, and Mk #4 and Mk #5 at 10 months p.t. with discontinuous CsA treatment. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. E Percentages of IBA1⁺ microglia in human grafts shown in (C and D). F The morphologies of homeostatic microglia in the monkey brain, activated microglia in human grafts at 8/12 months p.t., and phagocytic microglia at 10 months p.t. G, H Immunofluorescent analysis of CD68⁺ microglia/monocytes in human grafts of Mk #1 at 4 months, Mk #2 at 8 months, and Mk #3 at 12 months p.t. with continuous CsA treatment, and Mk #4 at 10 months p.t. with discontinuous CsA treatment. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. I Quantification of CD68⁺ area percentage per field shown in (G, H). Scale bars: 50 μm in (C, D) and (G, H). Data are represented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001, ns (not significant)