Fig. 6
From: Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside
Applications of adult stem cells-derived organoids. a Organoids derived from normal tissue are useful for studying physiology. For disease modeling, organoids can be genetically engineered to model genetic and malignant diseases by using CRISPR-Cas9. Normal organoids can also be infected with different types of pathogens to model infectious disease. Normal organoids can be transplanted to wounds for tissue repair. b Tumor-derived organoids can be used for basic research by genetic modification and modeling rare cancer. For translational research, tumor-derived organoids can be used for biobanking, genetic repair and drug screening studies, both for personalized medicine (to choose the most effective treatment for a specific patient) and drug development (to test a compound library on a specific set of tumor organoids), as well as immunotherapy research