Fig. 8

Approaches of studying infectious diseases using organoids. Organoids can be micro-injected with the microbe, thus the microbe is in direct contact with the apical side of epithelial cells, which became the mainstream method to build infection model. Organoids can also be sheared into smaller aggregates, incubated with pathogens and re-seed into Matrigel. Alternatively, 3D organoids can be digested by enzyme into single cells and grown as 2D monolayer cultures, and then microbes are added into the culture media