Fig. 3

Engineering approaches to create liver organoids. Different parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cell types have been employed with a variety of engineering tools to create bio-engineered liver organoids. Cell sources range from primary cells derived from tissues to immortalized cell lines and cells differentiated from expandable stem cells. Non-parenchymal endothelial, mesenchymal and Kupffer cells are the common stroma and immune liver cell types employed to recapitulate the niche environment of the liver tissue. Cells are seeded with precision in controlled environment using one or more common bio-engineering platforms and approaches such as patterned ECM, microwell arrays, matrix overlays, microfluidics platform and 3D bio-printing. Common bioengineered organoids generated using the various cell types with different engineering approaches are depicted