Fig. 1

History of 3D brain organoid culture system development. The history of 3D brain organoid research here can be traced back to the early twentieth century and divided into three main stages: (1) Self-organization in embryonic development: The previous biologist has done a series of anatomical experiments to dissociate cells from the sponge (Wilson 1907), amphibian embryos (Tung and Kü 1944) and chick embryos (Zwilling 1960) and reaggregate to form the corresponding structures, pointing out the key role of self-organization in the embryonic development; (2) Pluripotent stem cells: differentiation system after the formation of in vitro embryoid bodies (Martin and Evans 1975) and the generation of pluripotent stem cells (Martin 1981; Takahashi and Yamanaka 2006) has established the basis for the organoid technology. Using these systems, a group of polarized neural progenitor cells that resemble the early neural tube could be generated; (3) 3D culture system & the organoids: with the PSC, scientists have developed 3D culture system instead of an original 2D culture system to generate a better human in vitro model called the organoids. Using different culture strategies, different region-specific brain organoids were generated to mimic human brain development