Fig. 1
From: Modeling human neurodevelopmental diseases with brain organoids
Methods for generating human brain organoids. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from somatic cells and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from blastocytes both are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs are dissociated into single cells to form floating embryonic bodies (EBs). EBs are then transferred to petri dish, spinning flask, low-attachment multi-well plate, or other bioreactors for further culture. Alternatively, PSCs can be detached as colony clumps to form EBs. EBs develop into brain organoids with or without the assistance of extracellular matrix (e.g., Matrigel), under the conditions of spinning or static culture. Eventually, PSCs can develop into whole-brain organoid by spontaneous differentiation or brain-region-specific organoids through guided differentiation