Fig. 3

The alteration of cell types, signaling, and metabolism pathways in IBD. Some cell types are increased in IBD, such as microfold-like cells, memory B cells, IgG⁺ plasma cells, inflammatory fibroblasts, and CD8⁺ T cells, while SOX6⁺ mesenchymal cells, CD39⁺ intraepithelial T cells, WFDC2⁺ goblet cells, BEST4⁺ enterocytes, and VSTM2A⁺ stromal cell are decreased in IBD. Similarly, type I interferon signaling, Lox enzyme activity, TNF/IL-17 signaling, et al. are increased in IBD, while β-oxidation, pH-sensing, epithelial integrity, et al. are decreased in IBD