Fig. 1

Schematic diagrams summarizing the generation, characterization, and application of the human-mouse chimeric brain models. A The progenitor cells, including glial progenitor cells (GPCs), primitive macrophage progenitors (PMPs), and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or human fetal brain tissue. B Progenitor cells are engrafted to appropriate injection sites in neonatal immunodeficient mouse brain, such as the lateral ventricles, frontal cortex, hippocampus, as well as anlagen of the corpus callosum. C Three types of chimeric mouse models are established, including macroglial chimeric mice, microglial chimeric mice, and neuronal chimeric mice, in which the brain is widely populated by human astroglia and oligodendroglia, human microglia, and human excitatory or inhibitory neuron, respectively. D Characterization and application of chimeric mouse models using a variety of techniques