Fig.1

Different types of human stem cell/organoid-derived tumor models. Cell-of-origin models are established by introducing cancer drivers into hESCs/hIPSCs, NSCs/NPCs, or their derivative brain organoids, often through overexpression of oncogenes, CRISPR-mediated genome editing, and/or RNAi knockdown of tumor suppressors using viral vectors. Tumor organoid: Tumor organoids are directly generated from patient-derived tumor tissues or tumor cells. 3D multicellular coculture model: Patient-derived tumor cells are co-cultured with hESC/hIPSC-derived brain organoids or tumor microenvironmental (TME) cells to form 3D multicellular systems. All these systems can be subsequently transplanted into immunocompromised mice to form tumors in vivo.