Fig. 1

Single-cell profiling of AnLTs and FP. A Schematic drawing of the study design and workflow. Three separate samples of each tissue type were pooled. DoAP, dormant antlerogenic periosteum; AcAP, activated antlerogenic periosteum; DoPP, dormant pedicle periosteum; AcPP, activated pedicle periosteum; FP, facial periosteum. B Heatmap of correlations between different tissue types, calculated based on scRNA-seq data. Pearson correlation coefficients were shown. C UMAP to visualize all cells in the five tissue types, colored to distinguish cell types of the tissue samples. Cell types were identified based on the expression status of known marker genes. D UMAP to show the expression patterns of marker genes in each cell type. The left panel: the distribution of each cell type; the middle and the right panels: the expression levels of the representative marker genes in each cell type. E Dot plot to show the expression status of marker genes in each cell type. The size of the dot represents the percentage of cells expressing this marker gene in this cell type, and the depth of color represents the average expression level of this marker gene in this cell type. F Bar plot of the relative proportion of each cell type in the five tissue types. Different colors represent different cell types, refer to (C). G Bar plot of relative proportions of three types of the bone-lineage cells (THY1⁺ cells, progenitor cells, and osteochondroblasts) in each tissue type. The color scheme is consistent with (C)