Fig. 3

3-dimensional (3D) printed models were used to predict complications. A 3D reconstruction of the model. B The 3D printed model (ascending aorta view). C, D Predilation of the 3D printed model by using a balloon (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) to observe the risk of coronary obstruction. Yellow arrows show that the area of the right coronary orifice was almost covered with different sizes of balloon dilations. E-F The 20-mm and 23-mm balloon (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) was expanded in the model, respectively; red arrows show the position of PVL. G-H The release was simulated by using a Prizvalve® (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) in the model (the ascending aorta view and the left ventricular outflow tract view); PVL could be seen (red arrow). I The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the calcification distribution could be observed in the 3D reconstructed models. J-K Multimaterial full-color 3D printing of the aortic root model (LVOT view and lateral view). L From the balloon (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) dilation in vitro, leaflet displacement and interaction with the LVOT could be observed to predict of the incidence of conduction block. The white part of the model, which indicates the area between the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and the membranous part of interventricular septum, is the possible section of conduction block