Table 1 Applications for active electrical stimulation
From: Stimulation strategies for electrical and magnetic modulation of cells and tissues
Application | Material | Stimulation Parameters | Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Neural | mPEG-PLV grafted with tetraniline | square wave, 10Â Hz, 3Â mA, 0.1 Volts for 1Â h every day for three days | The in vivo study showed thermo-sensitive polymer electroactive hydrogel scaffold promoted spinal cord tissue repair with biochemical cues | |
Neural | 2D PPy conductive scaffold | 800Â mV, 100Â Hz for 1Â h for 3 consecutive days | The in vivo study found that the conductive polymer system enabled electrical modulations of stem cells to improve stroke recovery | Oh et al. 2022 |
Neural | 3D Conductive nerve guide made of PPy | 40Â V/m at 100Â Hz for 1Â h (in vitro), day 1,3,5 post implantation (in vivo) | Animal studies showed that electrically-enhanced stem cell based therapy promoted peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery | Song et al. 2021 |
Neural | Collagen/hyaluronan hydrogel with PPy | 100 mV/cm 1 h/day for 3 days | The scaffolds supported neuronal differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat spinal cord injury | Wu et al. 2021 |
Neural | Electroplating of 2D and 3D PPy scaffolds | 40Â V/m for an hour | The applied electrical field dictated neural stem cell properties depending on physical nature of stimulating platforms | Song et al. 2019 |
Bone | Anionic nanofibrillar cellulose (aNFC) hydrogel | 0.1Â V/cm, 0.04Â ms, 10Â Hz for 30Â min per day | Increased expression of the osteogenic markers (e.g. osteopontin and osteocalcin) and rearrangement and alignment of the actin cytoskeleton inadipose-derived stem cells | Bicer et al. 2020 |
Cartilage | Hyaluronic acid and gelatin mixture | 10Â mV/cm at 60Â kHz, 30Â min, 4 times a day | Higher expression of collagen type II, glycosaminoglycans, and collagen, in MSCs | Vaca-Gonzalez et al. 2020 |