Fig. 3

Cell microencapsulation. A-B Microfluidic system schematic for fabrication of core–shell capsules. A The conventional microfluidic system. Reproduced with permission (Huang et al. 2015). Copyright 2015, Wiley‐VCH. B The all-aqueous-phase microfluidic system. Reproduced with permission (Zhu et al. 2019). Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. C The electrostatic spraying system. Reproduced with permission (Zhang et al. 2018). Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. D-F The centrifugal microfluidic system. D Basic structure of the centrifugal microfluidic system. E Viscosity and centrifugal rates. F 3D culture of simple structured cell-laden microcarriers and cell viability tests. D-F Reproduced with permission (Cheng et al. 2018). Copyright 2015, Elsevier